In the 27 years since the U.S. Congress allowed Native Americans to establish tribal-government-owned gambling facilities, Indians’ gaming operations have had a far-reaching, transformative effect on reservations, says a team led by Randall K. Q. Akee of UCLA. Real per-capita income earned by Indians living on reservations in the contiguous 48 states grew by 33.3% in the 1990s and 11.5% in the 2000s, compared with the national average of 11.4% and minus-3.3%, respectively; moreover, casino operations are correlated with decreases in smoking by 9%, in heavy drinking by 5%, and in obesity by 2.7%. Reservations with gaming experienced increases in employment of about 26%.
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