Materialism, which has been linked to reduced well-being, marital problems, and financial difficulties, is often thought to be solely the result of childhood insecurity, but there's another pathway to this trait, according to Marsha L. Richins of the University of Missouri and Lan Nguyen Chaplin of the University of Illinois: If warm, loving parents provide their offspring with toys and other material rewards, either to shape behavior or simply to make them happy, the children are more likely than others to use possessions to define and enhance the self. This form of materialism first becomes evident in childhood, perhaps as early as age 8, and extends into adulthood, the researchers say.
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