In ambiguous situations, home-plate umpires in U.S. Major League Baseball tend to shy away from judgments that would give a team an out or a walk, according to an analysis by Stanford Graduate School of Business PhD students Etan Green and David P. Daniels of more than 1 million pitches. For example, when a batter has two strikes, a borderline pitch that would typically be called a strike 50% of the time is called a strike only about 30% of the time; umpires are similarly less likely to call an ambiguous pitch a ball, and thus award the batter a walk, if the count is already 3 and 0 or 3 and 1.
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